1) What
are the process states in Unix?
As a process
executes it changes state according to its circumstances. Unix processes have
the following states:
Running : The process is either running or it is ready
to run .
Waiting : The process is waiting for an
event or for a resource.
Stopped :
The process has been stopped, usually by
receiving a signal.
Zombie
: The process is dead but have not
been removed from the process table.
2) What
Happens when you execute a program?
When you execute a program on your UNIX system,
the system creates a special environment for that program. This environment
contains everything needed for the system to run the program as if no other
program were running on the system. Each process has process context, which is
everything that is unique about the state of the program you are currently
running. Every time you execute a program the UNIX system does a fork, which
performs a series of operations to create a process context and then execute your
program in that context. The steps include the following: Allocate a slot in
the process table, a list of currently running programs kept by UNIX. Assign a
unique process identifier (PID) to the process. iCopy the context of the
parent, the process that requested the spawning of the new process. Return the
new PID to the parent process. This enables the parent process to examine or
control the process directly. After the fork is complete, UNIX runs your
program.
3)
What
Happens when you execute a command?
When you enter ‘ls’ command to look at the
contents of your current working directory, UNIX does a series of things to
create an environment for ls and the run it: The shell has UNIX perform a fork.
This creates a new process that the shell will use to run the ls program. The
shell has UNIX perform an exec of the ls program. This replaces the shell
program and data with the program and data for ls and then starts running that
new program. The ls program is loaded into the new process context, replacing
the text and data of the shell. The ls program performs its task, listing the
contents of the current directory.
4)
What is
a Daemon?
A daemon is a process that detaches itself from
the terminal and runs, disconnected, in the background, waiting for requests
and responding to them. It can also be defined as the background process that
does not belong to a terminal session. Many system functions are commonly
performed by daemons, including the sendmail daemon, which handles mail, and
the NNTP daemon, which handles USENET news. Many other daemons may exist. Some
of the most common daemons are: init: Takes over the basic running of the
system when the kernel has finished the boot process. inetd: Responsible for
starting network services that do not have their own stand-alone daemons. For
example, inetd usually takes care of incoming rlogin, telnet, and ftp
connections. cron: Responsible for running repetitive tasks on a regular
schedule.
5)
What is
‘ps’ command for?
The ps command prints the
process status for some or all of the running processes. The information given
are the process identification number (PID),the amount of time that the process
has taken to execute so far etc.
6)
How
would you kill a process?
The kill command takes the PID as one argument;
this identifies which process to terminate. The PID of a process can be got
using ‘ps’ command.
7)
What is
an advantage of executing a process in background?
The most common reason to put a process in the
background is to allow you to do something else interactively without waiting
for the process to complete. At the end of the command you add the special
background symbol, &. This symbol tells your shell to execute the given
command in the background. Example: cp *.* ../backup& (cp is for copy)
8)
How do
you execute one program from within another?
The system calls used for low-level process
creation are execlp() and execvp(). The execlp call overlays the existing
program with the new one , runs that and exits. The original program gets back
control only when an error occurs. execlp(path,file_name,arguments..); //last
argument must be NULL A variant of execlp called execvp is used when the number
of arguments is not known in advance. execvp(path,argument_array); //argument
array should be terminated by NULL
9)
What is
IPC? What are the various schemes available?
The term
IPC (Inter-Process Communication) describes various ways by which different
process running on some operating system communicate between each other.
Various schemes available are as follows: Pipes: One-way communication scheme
through which different process can communicate. The problem is that the two
processes should have a common ancestor (parent-child relationship). However
this problem was fixed with the introduction of named-pipes (FIFO). Message
Queues : Message queues can be used between related and unrelated processes
running on a machine. Shared Memory: This is the fastest of all IPC schemes.
The memory to be shared is mapped into the address space of the processes (that
are sharing). The speed achieved is attributed to the fact that there is no
kernel involvement. But this scheme needs synchronization. Various forms of
synchronisation are mutexes, condition-variables, read-write locks,
record-locks, and semaphores.
10) What is the difference between Swapping and
Paging?
Swapping
: Whole process is moved from the swap device to the main memory for
execution. Process size must be less than or equal to the available main
memory. It is easier to implementation and overhead to the system. Swapping systems
does not handle the memory more flexibly as compared to the paging systems.
Paging : Only
the required memory pages are moved to main memory from the swap device for
execution. Process size does not matter. Gives the concept of the virtual
memory. It provides greater flexibility in mapping the virtual address space
into the physical memory of the machine. Allows more number of processes to fit
in the main memory simultaneously. Allows the greater process size than the
available physical memory. Demand paging systems handle the memory more
flexibly.
11) What is major difference between the
Historic Unix and the new BSD release of Unix System V in terms of Memory
Management?
Historic
Unix uses Swapping – entire process is transferred to the main
memory from the swap device, whereas the
Unix
System V uses Demand Paging – only the part of the process is moved to
the main memory. Historic Unix uses one Swap Device and Unix System V allow
multiple Swap Devices.
12) What is the main goal of the Memory
Management?
It decides which process should reside in the
main memory, Manages the parts of the virtual address space of a process which
is non-core resident, Monitors the available main memory and periodically write
the processes into the swap device to provide more processes fit in the main
memory simultaneously.
13)
What is
a Map?
A Map is an Array, which contains the addresses
of the free space in the swap device that are allocatable resources, and the
number of the resource units available there. This allows First-Fit allocation
of contiguous blocks of a resource. Initially the Map contains one entry –
address (block offset from the starting of the swap area) and the total number
of resources. Kernel treats each unit of Map as a group of disk blocks. On the
allocation and freeing of the resources Kernel updates the Map for accurate
information.
14)
What
scheme does the Kernel in Unix System V follow while choosing a swap device
among the multiple swap devices?
Kernel follows Round Robin scheme choosing a swap
device among the multiple swap devices in Unix System V.
15)
What is
a Region?
A Region is a continuous area of a process’s
address space (such as text, data and stack). The kernel in a ‘Region Table’
that is local to the process maintains region. Regions are sharable among the
process.
16) What are the events done by the Kernel after
a process is being swapped out from the main memory?
When
Kernel swaps the process out of the primary memory, it performs the following:
Kernel decrements the Reference Count of each region of the process. If the
reference count becomes zero, swaps the region out of the main memory, Kernel
allocates the space for the swapping process in the swap device, Kernel locks
the other swapping process while the current swapping operation is going on,
The Kernel saves the swap address of the region in the region table.
17) Is the Process before and after the swap are
the same? Give reason.
Process before swapping is residing in the
primary memory in its original form. The regions (text, data and stack) may not
be occupied fully by the process, there may be few empty slots in any of the
regions and while swapping Kernel do not bother about the empty slots while
swapping the process out. After swapping the process resides in the swap
(secondary memory) device. The regions swapped out will be present but only the
occupied region slots but not the empty slots that were present before
assigning. While swapping the process once again into the main memory, the
Kernel referring to the Process Memory Map, it assigns the main memory
accordingly taking care of the empty slots in the regions.
18) What do you mean by u-area (user area) or
u-block?
This contains the private data that is
manipulated only by the Kernel. This is local to the Process, i.e. each process
is allocated a u-area.
19) What are the entities that are swapped out
of the main memory while swapping the process out of the main memory?
All memory space occupied by the process,
process’s u-area, and Kernel stack are swapped out, theoretically. Practically,
if the process’s u-area contains the Address Translation Tables for the process
then Kernel implementations do not swap the u-area.
20) What is Fork swap?
fork() is a system call to create a child
process. When the parent process calls fork() system call, the child process is
created and if there is short of memory then the child process is sent to the
read-to-run state in the swap device, and return to the user state without
swapping the parent process. When the memory will be available the child
process will be swapped into the main memory.
21) What is Expansion swap?
At the time when any process requires more memory
than it is currently allocated, the Kernel performs Expansion swap. To do this
Kernel reserves enough space in the swap device. Then the address translation
mapping is adjusted for the new virtual address space but the physical memory
is not allocated. At last Kernel swaps the process into the assigned space in
the swap device. Later when the Kernel swaps the process into the main memory
this assigns memory according to the new address translation mapping.
22) How the Swapper works?
The swapper is the only process that swaps the
processes. The Swapper operates only in the Kernel mode and it does not uses
System calls instead it uses internal Kernel functions for swapping. It is the
archetype of all kernel process.
23) Who owns the data dictionary?
The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS
and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created.
24) You routinely compress old log files. You
now need to examine a log from two months ago. In order to view its contents
without first having to decompress it ?
zcat -> The zcat utility allows you to examine
the contents of a compressed file much the same way that cat displays a file.
25) You suspect that you have two commands with
the same name as the command is not producing the expected results. What
command can you use to determine the location of the command being run?
which -> The which command searches your path
until it finds a command that matches the command you are looking for and
displays its full path.
26) You locate a command in the /bin directory
but do not know what it does. What command can you use to determine its
purpose.
whatis ->The whatis command displays a summary
line from the man page for the specified command.
27) When you issue the command ls -l, the first
character of the resulting display represents the file’s?
type ->The first character of the permission
block designates the type of file that is being displayed.
28) What utility can you use to show a dynamic
listing of running processes?
top -> The top utility shows a listing of all
running processes that is dynamically updated.
29) Where is standard output usually directed?
To the screen or display.
30) What daemon is responsible for tracking
events on your system?
syslogd
->The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information and
saving it to specified log files.
